![]() ![]() "An enzymic test for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis: the transaminase serum activities. ^ a b De Ritis F, Coltorti M, Giusti G (July 2006).British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. "Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men". "Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels in the Asymptomatic Patient". Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease". "Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism. Interpreting results to narrow the diagnosis and establish a prognosis". "Abnormal findings on liver function tests. "The AST/ALT ratio as an indicator of cirrhosis in patients with PBC". ^ Nyblom H, Björnsson E, Simrén M, Aldenborg F, Almer S, Olsson R (September 2006)."High AST/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking". ^ Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R (2004).As the acute liver damage resolves, the body has more time to clear ALT, so in the absence of chronic liver disease, the AST/ALT ratio gradually returns to baseline levels. Since testing typically occurs late in acute viral hepatitis, it is conventionally associated with an AST/ALT ratio <1, though early in the disease, the AST/ALT ratio is often elevated. In late-stage acute liver damage, the body has had adequate time to clear AST, but not ALT, often resulting in an AST/ALT <1. When hepatocellular death is increased beyond the usual "background" levels, the serum levels of AST compared to ALT tend to reflect the cellular proportions, yielding AST that is over twice as prevalent as ALT (AST/ALT >2) in conditions with chronic, constant hepatocyte damage (such as alcoholic hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma) and during early-stage acute liver damage (such as viral hepatitis). Common causes include bone disease, pregnancy, chronic renal failure, lymphoma, and congestive heart failure. Because the primary cause is extrahepatic, typically an isolated elevated AST is seen, with no change in ALT. Mechanism AST/ALT ratioĥ necessarily involves extrahepatic tissue, as death of hepatocytes alone would produce an AST/ALT ratio no greater than 2.5. The De Ritis ratio is named after Fernando De Ritis, who performed analysis on transaminases in 1957. History Pathophysiology sample values BMP/ ELECTROLYTES: For example, intense exercise such as weightlifting can increase ALT to 50-200 U/L, and AST to 100-1000 U/L (and raise AST to about four times ALT) for the week following the exercise. This is a good reminder that AST and ALT are not good measures of liver function when other sources may influence AST and/or ALT, because they do not reliably reflect the synthesizing ability of the liver, and they may come from tissues other than liver (such as muscle). For example, muscle inflammation due to dermatomyositis may cause AST > ALT. When the AST is higher than ALT, a muscle source of these enzymes should be considered. In addition, patients with Wilson's disease or cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis may have an AST that is greater than the ALT, though the ratio typically is not greater than two. ![]() The AST/ALT ratio can also occasionally be elevated in a liver disease pattern in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and it is frequently elevated in an alcoholic liver disease pattern in patients with hepatitis C who have developed cirrhosis. Most causes of liver cell injury are associated with a greater increase in ALT than AST, but an AST/ALT ratio of 2:1 or greater is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease, particularly in the setting of an elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase. ![]() It is sometimes useful in medical diagnosis for elevated transaminases to differentiate between causes of liver damage, or hepatotoxicity. It is used as one of several liver function tests, and measured with a blood test. The AST/ALT ratio or De Ritis ratio is the ratio between the concentrations two enzymes, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase, aka alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in the blood of a human or animal.
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